Fluorenene to Fluoronone free essay sample

The goal of the first part of this experiment was to achieve a 50-50 conversion of fluorene to Fluorenone. In order to achieve the goal of the experiment fluorene was oxidized to Fluorenone. The hydroxide ions from the sodium hydroxide in the presence of Stark’s catalyst would be able to de-protonate the acidic fluorene protons. This would result in the formation of a carbanion which attacks the oxygen from the air resulting in the formation of a hydroperoxide and eventually a ketone (after removal of water). Since the goal was to have a mixture of 50% fluorene conversion, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was carried out several times to assess the rate of the reaction. In order to separate the aqueous composites from the solution extraction was carried out where the product was washed several times with Toluene and HCl and NaCl. In order to dry the excess water and obtain a ketone calcium chloride was used as a drying agent. We will write a custom essay sample on Fluorenene to Fluoronone or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The data obtained from TLC showed that the Rf value for the starting material was on a range of 0. 68-0. 75. The Product obtained had varied concentrations of the fluorene and Fluorenone. The average Rf value obtained for the product was 0. 205. Through this data, it can be concluded that the ketone (Fluorenone) was more polar that fluorene. This data is theoretically correct as well since ketons are supposed to be more polar than alkenes due to the presence of C=O bond. However, TLC data showed that the conversion of fluorene was not achieved to a 50-50 level but had proceeded even further, almost to a point where none of the fluorene remained in the solution. This was determined because in the last TLC slide the presence of Fluorenone was little (the dots size was smaller than it should have been). This error served as a basis for more errors in the second part of the experiment. Reason for this error was that the TLC was not carried out sooner than it should have been due to which the rate of reaction was inaccurately monitored. Also the stirrer was left on even during the course of the TLC. This would have also lead to a higher conversion of the reagent. In order to avoid this error, the reaction with air should have been stopped completely, while taking TLC. The mass of the product obtained in the end was about 6. 26 grams. The theoretical yield should have been 0. g. However, the theoretical yield holds true if and only if the reaction went to a 100% completion and contained no impurities. The goal of the second part of the experiment was to separate the fluorene and Fluorenone mixture by the method of column chromatography. Column chromatography was used in this part of the experiment as a separation technique since it permits the sample to be collected whereas TLC only allows the product to be separated and not collected. In the experiment TLC was also used to monitor the effectiveness of the separation. Hence, in preparation of the column, glass fiber was first filled into the column followed by sand, after which 3† alumina was filled into the column. Alumina would help retain the more polar ketone longer and would elute the alkene first. A mixture of hexanes was added in order to tighten the alumina column after which the excess hexanes were removed. Next, the sample was added followed by some and hexanes. Hexanes were constantly added and TLC was carried out to check if the resulting solution (which was removed from the column) contained any product. Once the TLC showed no traces of the product the solvent was switched to elude the ketone. Hexanes dissolve the reagent fluorene which is less polar and it is removed from the sample. After all the fluorene was removed, MTBE (methyl-tert-butyl-ether) was used as the solvent to remove the Fluorenone from the sample. The same procedure was carried out as in case of the hexanes until TLC showed no traces of the product. Once the product was obtained in a mixture of the solvent and product, the solution was boiled In order to obtain only the product (ether has a lower boiling point than ketone). Melting point of the product was taken in order to check the purity of the product. When the hexanes were used to remove the starting material from the sample, no spots appeared at all in the TLC plate for about 35 trials of the solution. The TLC plate remained blank showing proof of no compound other than the hexane itself. This error was expected since in the first part of the experiment, oxidation of fluoreneto Fluorenone was supposed to be done to a 50-50 level. As mentioned earlier, the oxidation had carried out longer than expected and hence the sample contained little or none of the fluorene. Thus, no value of Rf were obtained for the fluorenein the experiment. When the solvent was switched to MTBE, the Fluorenone was removed almost instantly. The Rf, for the last the slide that contained Fluorenone was 0. 11 and 0. 21 which falls within the range as earlier, indicating that the product obtained was indeed the ketone expected. To ensure the claim, melting point of the sample was taken. The melting point for the sample was 85 °C which is very close to the theoretical melting point of Fluorenone which is about 83  °C. Since the melting point was off by about 1.  °C it is assumed that some sources of error was obtained in the experiment. Since there was very little of the alkene in the sample, and none of it eluded out, it may have been stuck in the stationary phase. Hence when the ketone passed through the stationary phase it may have gotten contaminated leading to the error. Also all of the MTBE may not have evaporated out leading to some scope of error in the melting point of the product. There may have been some human error in determining the exact temperature at which the product began melting. The first part of the experiment showed significant error which affected the second part of the experiment as well. However, the goal of the experiment was to synthesize and separate fluorene from Fluorenone for which a good separation was obtained as can be concluded through the melting point. Even though the method did not go as planned, the purity of the final product was good. Questions: 1) (4 pts) a. What is the oxidizing agent in the conversion of fluoreneto fluorenone? What is the function of the Aliquat catalyst? c. Which compound, fluoreneor fluorenone has the highest R ¬f? Is it the most polar or nonpolar? d. Would changing to a more polar elution solvent increase or decrease Rf? a) The oxidizing agent in the conversion of fluorene to Fluorenone was oxygen in the air which was aided by a phase-transfer catalyst. b) The function of the Aliquat catalyst is to help the hydroxide ion move into the organic layer and where the hydroxide removes one of the fluorene protons. The Stark’s catalyst is a phase-transfer catalyst meaning it helps the migration of a reactant from one phase to another (here, OH- transfers from aqueous phase to organic). c) In this reaction Fluorenone has the lower Rf meaning it is more polar. Hence, Fluorene has higher Rf and lower polarity. This is due to the presence of C=O bond in the ketone (Fluorenone). d) Changing to a more polar elution would increase the Rf of the product. 2) (3 pts) Predict the order of elution of a mixture of triphenylmethanol, biphenyl, benzoic acid and methyl benzoate from an alumina chromatographic column. Ans: The compound that would elute first would be biphenyl, followed by methyl benzoate, triphenylmethanol, and finally benzoic acid. 3) (1 pts) What might possibly result if you used a column of alumina that was 5 cm instead of ten? Ans: If 5cm of the alumina is used instead of a 10cm alumina column the result obtained as the product would be purer than what was obtained experimentally. This is because as the eluent runs through the column some of it tends to naturally bind to the alumina surface. When more alumina is used the more eluent binds to the column and hence more product is lost. 4) (2pts) Consult the chart on the following page. In what range would you expect a new peak to appear if your oxidation is successful. Identify this peak on your IR; indicate the bond it represents. Also indicate the peaks for the C-H of an aromatic ring.

Biography of Bobby Seale, Black Panther Party Co-founder

Biography of Bobby Seale, Black Panther Party Co-founder Bobby Seale (born October 22, 1936) co-founded the Black Panther Party with Huey P. Newton. The organization, which was the most well-known group launched during the black power movement, stood out for its free breakfast program and emphasis on self-defense- a departure from the nonviolent philosophy advocated by civil rights activists. Fast Facts: Bobby Seale Known For: Co-founder, along with Huey P. Newton, of the Black Panther PartyBorn: October 22, 1936 in Dallas, TexasParents: George and Thelma SealeEducation: Merritt Community CollegeSpouse(s): Artie Seale, Leslie M. Johnson-SealeChildren: Malik Seale, Jaime SealeNotable Quote: â€Å"You dont fight racism with racism, the best way to fight racism is with solidarity. Early Life and Education Bobby Seale, the first child of George and Thelma Seale, was born on October 22, 1936. He grew up with a brother (Jon), a sister (Betty), and a first cousin (Alvin Turner- the son of his mother’s identical twin). In addition to Dallas, the family lived in other Texas cities, including San Antonio. Seales parents had a rocky relationship, separating and reconciling repeatedly. The family struggled financially and sometimes rented out parts of their home to other families to earn additional income. Seales father, George, was a carpenter who once built a home from the ground up. He was also physically abusive; Bobby Seale later described being whipped with a belt by his father at age 6. When the family moved to California, George Seale struggled to get carpentry work or join a union, as unions often excluded African Americans during the Jim Crow era. When George Seale did manage to enter a union, he was one of just of three black men in the state with union membership, according to Seale. As a teenager, Seale hauled groceries and mowed lawns to earn extra cash. He attended Berkeley High School but dropped out to sign up for the US Air Force in 1955. After a conflict with a commanding officer, Seale was dishonorably discharged. However, this setback did not deter him. He earned his high school diploma and made a living as a sheet metal mechanic for aerospace companies. He also worked as a comedian. In 1960, Seale enrolled in Merritt College, where he joined a black student group and his political consciousness took hold. Two years later, he met Huey P. Newton, the man with whom he would start the Black Panthers. Founding the Black Panther Party At a 1962 demonstration against the Kennedy Administrations naval blockade of Cuba, Seale befriended Huey Newton. Both men found inspiration in black radical Malcolm X and were devastated when he was assassinated in 1965. The next year, they decided to form a group to reflect their political beliefs, and the Black Panthers were born. The organization reflected Malcolm X’s philosophy of self-defense by any means necessary. The idea of armed African Americans proved controversial in the broader United States, but as the civil rights movement waned following the assassination of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., many young black Americans leaned towards radicalism and militancy. The Black Panthers were particularly concerned about racism in the Oakland Police Department, but before long, Panthers chapters sprang up nationwide. The Black Panther Party became most well known for their 10-point plan and free breakfast program. The 10-point plan included culturally-relevant teaching, employment, shelter, and exemption from military service for African Americans. Legal Battles In 1968, Bobby Seale and seven other protesters were charged with conspiring to incite a riot at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. When the trial date arrived, Seales lawyer was ill and unable to appear; the judge denied the request to delay the trial. Seale claimed the right to defend himself in order to advocate for his own constitutional rights, but the judge did not allow him to give an opening statement, cross-examine witnesses, or speak to the jury. Seale contended that the judge had denied him his right to counsel, and he began to speak out in protest during the proceedings. In response, the judge ordered him bound and gagged. Seale was chained (later strapped) to a chair, with his mouth and jaw strapped shut, for several days of the trial. Ultimately, the judge sentenced Seale to four years in prison for contempt of court. That sentence was later overturned, but it did not mark the end of Seale’s legal troubles. In 1970, Seale and another defendant were tried for killing a Black Panther believed to be a police informant. The hung jury resulted in a mistrial, so Seale was not convicted of the 1969 murder. As his court battles unfolded, Seale wrote a book tracing the history of the Black Panthers. The book, published in 1970, was titled Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton. But the time Seale spent behind bars awaiting the outcomes of various court cases had taken a toll on the group, which began to fall apart in his absence. The settling of the court cases saw Seale take charge of the Panthers again. In 1973, he changed focus by putting his bid in to become the mayor of Oakland. He placed second in the race. He left the Panthers the following year. In 1978, he wrote his autobiography, A Lonely Rage. Later Years In the 1970s, the black power movement subsided, and groups like the Black Panthers ceased to exist. Deaths, prison sentences, and internal conflicts spurred by initiatives like the FBI’s Counterintelligence Program played a role in the unraveling process. Bobby Seale remains politically active, giving talks on his life and activism at college campuses and other venues. More than 50 years after the Black Panthers formed, the group continues to influence politics, pop culture, and activism. Sources â€Å"Bobby Seale.† PBS.org.Bennett, Kitty. Bobby Seale: Black Panther leader was one of the Chicago Eight. AARP Bulletin, 27 August, 2010.Glass, Andrew. Kennedy imposes naval blockade of Cuba, Oct. 22, 1962. Politico, 22 October, 2009.Seale, Bobby. â€Å"Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party.† 1970.

Are immunities of senior state officials applicable to jus cogens Essay

Are immunities of senior state officials applicable to jus cogens violations - Essay Example As such, the question whether acts of State officials are applicable to violations of jus cogens is necessary to be tackled in the light of several cases decided by the International Court of Justice (ICJ for brevity) and in recent times, by the International Criminal Court (ICC) under the Rome Statute. It is well to be emphasized at the outset that under the present generally accepted principles of international law, heads of states and senior state officials are not exempted from the responsibility in the international community for international crimes. 1 Any controversy that may emerge would fall under the jurisdictional question relating to the procedural aspect of the law. Hence, in this paper, several cases would be cited particularly those which sparked heated debates among scholars and imminent jurist in international law. At this juncture, it is worthy to mention the two principles of immunities under international law which are immunity ratione personae and ratione materiae. The former being attributed to the person and it follows him wherever he may be, and for his conduct which may be official or not. The latter on the other hand pertains to immunity which is necessarily included in the conduct of a head of state and senior state officials which relates to their offici al functions as representative of his or her State. It is then important to take a look at the history of state immunity and discern how it evolved over time. The Evolution of State Immunity Between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the doctrine of foreign state was regarded as absolute since foreign states were recognized as having the privilege of complete immunity from another forum's jurisdiction. By the early twentieth century, after World War I, Allied nations adopted a limited approach to immunity to address the complexity of the growing participation of states in global trade. Thus, the concept of acta jure imperii, wherein a state's conduct which are governmental in nature were acknowledged as having full immunity, and acta jure gestionis, wherein commercial or private acts of states that deals with trade are not endowed with immunity. 2 Thus, if the act falls under the category of acta jure imperii, full immunity is accorded to state officials. However, for those falling under commercial ventures or otherwise termed as acta jure gestionis, a state may be sued for breach of contract along with the concerned state official. On the other hand, as the world shrunk, so to speak, violations of fundamental human rights have been discovered and made public. These violations are apart from the ones which were the cause of wars between nations. Several jurists, commentators and heads of states argued that there should at least be an impartial tribunal which would render judgment upon persons accused of war and crimes against humanity. The concept of state immunity was thus regarded as applicable only to those acts of states which do not transgress norms which are regarded as necessary to attain order in the international community. Consequently, several statutes were enacted and tribunals were established precisely to address the growing concern of the states about serious violations of peremptory norms, from which violators would only invoke state immunity to avoid punishment. At present, State immunity is not regarded as an absolute state right under the international law. Instead, state immunity